2008/04/01

Asset Accounting Overview 资产会计概要 FI-AA 翻译

Asset Accounting Overview Locate the document in its SAP Library structure

资产会计概要

Purpose

目的

The Asset Accounting (FI-AA) component is used for managing and supervising fixed assets with the SAP System. In Financial Accounting, it serves as a subsidiary ledger to the General Ledger, providing detailed information on transactions involving fixed assets.

SAP系统中,资产会计模块用于管理和监督固定资产。在财务会计中,它作为总账的辅助帐提供关于固定资产交易的详细信息。

Implementation Considerations

实施主意要项

The Asset Accounting component is intended for international use in many countries, irrespective of the nature of the industry. This means, for example, that no country-specific valuation rules are hard-coded in the system. You give this component its country-specific and company-specific character with the settings you make in Customizing. To minimize the time and energy involved in Customizing, country-specific defaults are provided in the standard system where possible.

资产会计以多国家的国际应用为目的,且与行业无关。这意味着,例如,在系统中没有国家特有的硬性编码。你通过配置给这个模块以国家或者公司的特性。为了配置的时间和人工最小化,在标准系统中,提供了可能范围内国家的默认设置。

The Implementation Guide (IMG) provides the necessary functions for this in Asset Accounting.

系统设置提供了资产会计设置的必要功能。

Integration

集成

As a result of the integration in the SAP System, Asset Accounting (FI-AA) transfers data directly to and from other SAP components. For example, it is possible to post from the Materials Management (MM) component directly to FI-AA. When an asset is purchased or produced in-house, you can directly post the invoice receipt or goods receipt, or the withdrawal from the warehouse, to assets in the Asset Accounting component. At the same time, you can pass on depreciation and interest directly to the Financial Accounting (FI) and Controlling (CO) components. From the Plant Maintenance (PM) component, you can settle maintenance activities that require capitalization to assets.

作为SAP系统的集成结果,资产会计(FI-AA)直接从其他模块传入或者向其他模块传出数据。例如,从物料管理直接记账到资产会计是可能的。当资产被购买或者制造时,你可以将当货到票未到或票到货未到,或者库存撤销业务直接记账到资产会计中。同时你可以把折旧和利息直接传给财务会计(FI)和管理会计(CO)模块。从工厂维护(PM)模块,可以把需要资本化的维护活动转为资产。(资本性支出?? 这里叫不准)

This graphic is explained in the accompanying text

Integration of Asset Accounting

资产会计集成

Features

特征

The Asset Accounting component consists of the following parts:

资产会计模块包括如下部分

1.       Traditional asset accounting 一般资产会计

1.       Processing leased assets 租赁资产的处理

1.       Preparation for consolidation 连接准备

1.       Information System 信息系统

Traditional asset accounting encompasses the entire lifetime of the asset from purchase order or the initial acquisition (possibly managed as an asset under construction) through its retirement. The system calculates, to a large extent automatically, the values for depreciation, interest, insurance and other purposes between these two points in time, and places this information at your disposal in varied form using the Information System. There is a report for depreciation forecasting and simulation of the development of asset values.

一般资产会计,从资产的订货或者初期取得(可能作为在建工程被管理) 到报废。系统能够在很大程度上的自动计算在2个时点之间折旧费,利息,保险和其他目的数值,并且通过信息系统把这些信息处理成各种形式。也可以生成预测和模仿资产折旧价值变化的报告。

 

The system also offers special functions for leased assets, and assets under construction. The system enables you to manage values in parallel currencies using different types of valuation. These features simplify the process of preparing for the consolidation of multi-national group concerns.

系统也为租赁资产,在建工程提供了一些特殊功能。通过不同的评价类型,系统可以用多种货币进行价值管理。这些特征简化了跨国企业的连结会计的准备工作。

Note

The Plant Maintenance (PM) component offers functions for the technical management of assets in the form of functional locations and as equipment. The Treasury (TR) component offers special functions for managing financial assets

工厂维护(PM)模块提供了资产作为一种功能场所的技术管理,以及作为一种设备的技术管理。财务资金管理模块(TR)提供了金融资产管理的特有功能。

 

 

Goods Receipt/Invoice Receipt
GR/IR

SAP里,当货到票未到或票到货未到也得到了及时的处理。在传统的会计核算中,当企业购入存货时,若未能及时收至货物的发票,此时是不做任何帐务处理的,若至月末仍未能收到,会采用一种估价入帐的方法进行会计处理,而后月初红字冲回。但在SAP里,若继续采用这种核算方法,将会使SAP所倡导的信息即时性反映得不到实现。因此,在SAP的帐务体系里出现了一个新的科目:GR/IR,英文全称为GOODS RECEIPTS OR INVOICE RECEIPTS,中文译为货到票未到或票到货未到。如当仓库进货时,即使未收到发票,SAP能自动产生借:存货, 贷:GR/IRGOODS RECEIPTS OR INVOICE RECEIPTS,此时是以采购单上的采购价(不含税)作为入帐金额。发票到时,通过发票校验程序,系统会自动产生借:GR/IR 贷:供应商。此时的供应商是根据采购单上标明供应商自动过入。若发生发票上金额与采购单的金额不一致的情况,系统会根据该笔采购当时的库存情况自动分配该差额的去向,如转入存货成本或销售成本或在二者之间分配。至月末,若仍有未到的发票,由于在报表层次是不能反映GR/IR的,因此系统会有一个程序将未结清的GR/IR转入应付帐款票到货未到或应付帐款货到票未到反映(该二科目非统驭科目,但前四位编码与正常的统驭科目一致),至第二个月初,系统会自动将未结清的GR/IR冲回,等待结清。对于代销商品的GR/IR,系统会在报表将其与存货项目一并反映。


购销的GR/IR与代销的GR/IR区别是通过商品的主数据中设置得以实现的。当创建一个商品主数据时,必须设置该商品是属于购销或代销商品,若是购销商品,则当该商品入库时,系统会产生借:存货贷:(购销)GR/IR;若是代销商品,则当该商品入库时,系统会产生借:存货 贷:(代销)GR/IR;当然代销的GR/IR必须等到产生销售清单时,才能在收到供应商发票时转入应付某供应商的明细帐内。(转自张小虎 SAP R/3财务基本概念及集成性浅释---3集成性及存在的问题)
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GR/IR
是个过渡性科目,用于记录在途物资和在途发票。日常业务如下:
收货时: Dr:存货

Cr
GR/IR科目

发票校验时:DrGR/IR科目

Cr
:应付帐款

当一个订单的货物和发票都结算完毕时,GR/IR科目余额应为零。


月结时,做在途物资和在途发票暂估。

计算同一GR/IR科目,同一应付帐款统驭科目数据的合计结果:

借方余额计算值=借方合计-同一订单中可清帐的行项目余额――票到货未到

贷方余额计算值=贷方合计-同一订单中可清帐的行项目余额――货到票未到

3
.本月底记帐 DrGR/IR暂估入库 借方余额计算值

Cr
GR/IR换算调整 借方余额计算值

Dr
GR/IR换算调整 贷方余额计算值

Cr
:应付帐款暂估 贷方余额计算值

4
.下月初冲销 DrGR/IR换算调整 借方余额计算值

Cr
GR/IR暂估入库 借方余额计算值

Dr
:应付帐款暂估 贷方余额计算值

Cr
GR/IR换算调整 贷方余额计算值

转自SAPFORM.NET

 

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